YDS Okuma Parçaları - Reading Passage

The MAYA

The Maya were a large group of Indians who lived mainly in southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. It is believed that these people came across the Bering Strait with the other Native Americans, but quickly migrated south. About 5000 B.C., the Maya people had formed small fishing villages, settling on the coast lands. By 2000 B.C., the Maya had moved inland and began to raise maize and beans. These vegetables became their main source of food, as they are today. During the next 2000 years the Maya developed into highly civilized people. They settled in many areas of Mesoamerica and became prosperous. They developed the art of making pottery and introduced the first known American systems of irrigation, or methods for watering crops. A form of writing emerged, and the Maya began the first recorded history. 
About the year 1000, a heavy drought hit Mesoamerica. The Mayan crops failed, causing famine and death for many Maya in the mountain areas. Maya in the lowlands fared a little better and cities such as Uxmal and Chichen Itza in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico became the center of Mayan government, art, and architecture. The Spanish explorers of the 13th and 14th centuries brought new diseases that the Maya could not cope with. Disease and Spanish conquerors finally caused the Mayan empires to cave in. The last Mayan kingdom surrendered to the Spanish in 1697. 

Words:

come across: rastlamak, karşılaşmak
migrate: göç etmek
form: oluşturmak
prosperous: refah, zengin
architecture: mimari
cave in: kazmak, oymak

If clause (type 1, type 2, type 3) Koşul Cümleleri

IF CLAUSES

Türkçe’de “eğer …se” (eğer gelirse …) biçiminde kurulan bu yapı, İngilizce’de birçok biçimde kurulabilir. Okullarda genellikle 3 klasik tipi öğretilir. Bunun dışında bir if clause gören öğrenciler şaşırırlar. Örneğin:
If he didn’t call this morning, then he’s probably away.
Bu sabah aramadıysa o zaman muhtemelen bir yerlere gitmiştir.
If you didn’t study English at school, you won’t understand this book.
Okulda İngilizce öğrenmediysen bu kitabı anlamazsın.
Buradan da anlaşıldığı gibi, if‘li cümleler sadece belli kalıplarda kullanılmaz.

Type 0
Bu tür koşul cümlelerinde cümlenin her iki kısmı da the simple present tense ile kurulur. Daha çok genellemelerde kullanılır. Burada if’in taşıdığı anlam when ya da whenever gibidir:
If you mix yellow and blue, you get green.Sarı ile maviyi karıştırırsan yeşil elde edersin.
Aslında bu cümlenin anlamı, “sarı ile maviyi karıştırdığında yeşil elde edersin.”dir.
If I am tired I go to bed early.Yorgunsam/yorgun olduğumda erken yatarım.
If you pour oil on water it floats.Suya yağ dökers