YDS Okuma Parçaları - Reading Passage

The MAYA

The Maya were a large group of Indians who lived mainly in southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. It is believed that these people came across the Bering Strait with the other Native Americans, but quickly migrated south. About 5000 B.C., the Maya people had formed small fishing villages, settling on the coast lands. By 2000 B.C., the Maya had moved inland and began to raise maize and beans. These vegetables became their main source of food, as they are today. During the next 2000 years the Maya developed into highly civilized people. They settled in many areas of Mesoamerica and became prosperous. They developed the art of making pottery and introduced the first known American systems of irrigation, or methods for watering crops. A form of writing emerged, and the Maya began the first recorded history. 
About the year 1000, a heavy drought hit Mesoamerica. The Mayan crops failed, causing famine and death for many Maya in the mountain areas. Maya in the lowlands fared a little better and cities such as Uxmal and Chichen Itza in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico became the center of Mayan government, art, and architecture. The Spanish explorers of the 13th and 14th centuries brought new diseases that the Maya could not cope with. Disease and Spanish conquerors finally caused the Mayan empires to cave in. The last Mayan kingdom surrendered to the Spanish in 1697. 

Words:

come across: rastlamak, karşılaşmak
migrate: göç etmek
form: oluşturmak
prosperous: refah, zengin
architecture: mimari
cave in: kazmak, oymak

Gerund and Infinitive Konu Anlatımı

GERUND AND INFINITIVE

1. Introduction : Giriş

İngilizcede iki fiil peşpeşe geldiği zaman çoğunlukla ya iki fiil arasına to gelir veya ikinci fiileing eklenir. Bazı fiillerin peşinden gelen fiillere ise ing eklenmez ve ikisi arasına to da eklenmez. Bir fiilden sonra gelen fiilden önce to gelirse to gelirse buna infinitive with to ( to lu infinitive ), gelmezse infinitive without to ( to suz infinitive ) denir. Eğer fiilden sonra gelen fiileingeklenirse buna da gerunddenir.

2. Verbs followed by an infinitive with “to”

Önce kendilerinden sonra to’lu infinitive alan fiilleri görelim. Bu fiillerin sayısı çoktur. Bunların en çok kullanılanlarını görelim.
to afford : parası yetmek
to appear : görünmek
to attempt : teşebbüs etmek
to claim : iddia etmek
to demand : talep etmek
to determine : karar vermek
to fail : başarısız olmak
to happen : olmak
to hesitate : tereddüt etmek
to hope : ümit etmek
to manage : başarmak
to offer : teklif etmek
to pretend : … gibi davranmak
to promise : söz vermek
to refuse : reddetmek
to seek : aramak
to seem : görünmek
to threaten : tehdit etmek

Örnekler:
He appears to have a lot of money. Çok parası olduğu anlaşılıyor.
They failed to finish the work on time. İşi zamanında bitirmeyi başaramadılar.
He threatened to kill me. Beni öldürmekle tehdit etti.
I refused to talk to him. Onunla konuşmayı reddettim.